How to apply for Mutation of Property? Property Title Name Transfer in Land Revenue Records. The Private Education Assistance Committee (PEAC) conducts the regional orientation for all JHS ESC and SHS VP participating schools for the implementation of the. A balance sheet, also known as a "statement of financial position," reveals a company's assets, liabilities and owners' equity. The balance sheet, together with the.
The historical process of the discovery of Allah’s law (see below) was regarded as completed by the end of the 9th century when the law had achieved a definitive formulation in a number of legal manuals written by different jurists. Throughout the medieval period this basic doctrine was elaborated and systematized in a large number of commentaries, and the voluminous literature thus produced constitutes the traditional textual authority of Shar. In the first place the scope of the Shar. Ritual practices, such as the daily prayers, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage, are an integral part of Shar.
Accordingly, certain acts are classified as praiseworthy (mand. With the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 6. When, therefore, the process of interpretation and expansion of this source material was held to be complete with the crystallization of the doctrine in the medieval legal manuals, Shar. Unlike secular legal systems that grow out of society and change with the changing circumstances of society, Shar. In Islamic jurisprudence it is not society that molds and fashions the law but the law that precedes and controls society.
Such a philosophy of law clearly poses fundamental problems of principle for social advancement in contemporary Islam. How can the traditional Shar? This is now the central issue in Islamic law. Historical development of Shar.
Einstein correctly described the equivalence of mass and energy as “the most important upshot of the special theory of relativity” (Einstein, 1919), for this. Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia. Read the Latest Entertainment and Celebrity News, TV News and Breaking News from TVGuide.com. Diane and Lucca represent an ovarian cancer survivor looking to obtain custody of her previously donated embryos. Maia is the victim of a fake social media account.
No more than 8. 0 verses deal with strictly legal matters; while these verses cover a wide variety of topics and introduce many novel rules, their general effect is simply to modify the existing Arabian customary law in certain important particulars. During his lifetime Muhammad, as the supreme judge of the community, resolved legal problems as they arose by interpreting and expanding the general provisions of the Qur. But the foundation of the Umayyad dynasty in 6. Damascus a vast military empire, produced a legal development of much broader dimensions. With the appointment of judges, or q. Depending upon the discretion of the individual q.
Actively sponsored by the . Their aim was to Islamize the law by reviewing the current legal practice in the light of the Qur. A deep conflict of juristic principle emerged within the schools between those who maintained that outside the terms of the Qur. Human reason in law should be strictly confined to the process of analogical deduction, or qiy. Muslim scholarship maintained that the classical compilations of Hadiths—especially those of Bukh. The general view of Western orientalists, however, is that a considerable part of the Sunnah represents the views of later jurists fictitiously ascribed to the Prophet to give the doctrine a greater authority.
Later developments. Al- Sh. Juristic “effort” to comprehend the terms of the Shar. In seeking the answer to a legal problem, the jurist must first consult the Qur. Failing any specific solution in this divine revelation, he must employ analogy (qiy.
Information is that which informs. In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values.
The legal theory then evaluates the results of ijtih. As an attempt to define Allah’s law, the ijtih. But where a conclusion became the subject of unanimous agreement by the qualified scholars, it became a certain (yaq. It served first as a permissive principle to admit the validity of variant opinions as equally probable attempts to define the Shar. Second, it operated as a restrictive principle to ratify the status quo; for once the ijm. In the Arabic expression, “the door of ijtih.
Geographically, the division between the various schools and sects became fairly well defined as the q. Hence, under the broad head of the sovereign’s administrative power (siy. As the expression of a religious ideal, Shar. It is the latter category of duties alone, constituting law in the Western sense, that is described here. Penal law. Offenses against another person, from homicide to assault, are punishable by retaliation (qi. But this type of offense is regarded as a civil injury rather than a crime in the technical sense, since it is not the state but only the victim or his family who have the right to prosecute and to opt for compensation or blood money (diyah) in place of retaliation. For six specific crimes the punishment is fixed (.
There is an irrebuttable presumption of law (1) that boys below the age of 1. Persons who are not r. These basic principles are then applied to the various specific transactions of, for example, pledge, deposit, guarantee, agency, assignment, land tenancy, partnership, and waqf foundations.
Waqf is a peculiarly Islamic institution whereby the founder relinquishes his ownership of real property, which belongs henceforth to Allah, and dedicates the income or usufruct of the property in perpetuity to some pious or charitable purpose, which may include settlements in favour of the founder’s own family. The Islamic law of transactions as a whole is dominated by the doctrine of rib. Basically, this is the prohibition of usury, but the notion of rib. And since this doctrine was coupled with the general prohibition on gambling transactions, Islamic law does not, in general, permit any kind of speculative transaction the results of which, in terms of the material benefits accruing to the parties, cannot be precisely forecast. Family law. A patriarchal outlook is the basis of the traditional Islamic law of family relationships. Fathers have the right to contract their daughters, whether minor or adult, in compulsory marriage.
Only when a woman has been married before is her consent to her marriage necessary; but even then the father, or other marriage guardian, must conclude the contract on her behalf. Upon marriage a husband is obliged to pay to his wife her dower, the amount of which may be fixed by agreement or by custom; and during the marriage he is bound to maintain and support her provided she is obedient to him, not only in domestic matters but also in her general social activities and conduct. A wife who rejects her husband’s dominion by leaving the family home without just cause forfeits her right to maintenance. But it is in the traditional law of divorce that the scales are most heavily weighted against the wife. A divorce may be effected simply by the mutual agreement of the spouses, which is known as khul.
But the husband alone has the power unilaterally to terminate the marriage by repudiation (. A repudiation repeated three times constitutes a final and irrevocable dissolution of the marriage; but a single pronouncement may be revoked at will by the husband during the period known as the wife’s . In Sunni law no legal relationship exists between a father and his illegitimate child; but there is a legal tie, for all purposes, between a mother and her illegitimate child. Guardianship of the person (e. Sunni law is essentially a system of inheritance by male agnate relatives or . This agnatic system is mitigated by allowing the surviving spouse and a limited number of females and nonagnates—the daughter; son’s daughter; mother; grandmother; germane, consanguine, and uterine sisters; and uterine brother—to inherit a fixed fractional portion of the estate in suitable circumstances. But the females among these relatives only take half the share of the male relative of the same class, degree, and blood tie, and none of them excludes from inheritance any male agnate, however remote.
No other female or non- agnatic relative has any right of inheritance in the presence of a male agnate. Where, for example, the deceased is survived by his wife, his daughter’s son, and a distant agnatic cousin, the wife will be restricted to one- fourth of the inheritance, the grandson will be excluded altogether, and the cousin will inherit three- fourths of the estate.
Sh. Any relative of class one excludes any relative of class two, who in turn excludes any relative of class three. Within each class the nearer in degree excludes the more remote, and the full blood excludes the half blood.
While, therefore, a male relative normally takes double the share of the corresponding female relative, females and nonagnates are much more favourably treated than they are in Sunni law. In the case mentioned above, for example, the wife would take one- fourth, but the remaining three- fourths would go to the daughter’s son, or indeed to a daughter’s daughter, and not to the agnatic cousin. Under Sh. Under both systems, however, bequests that infringe these rules are not necessarily void and ineffective; the testator has acted beyond his powers, but the bequest may be ratified by his legal heirs. Further protection is afforded to the rights of the legal heirs by the doctrine of death sickness. Any gifts made by a dying person in contemplation of his death are subject to precisely the same limitations as bequests, and, if they exceed these limits, will be effective only with the consent of the legal heirs. Procedure and evidence.
Traditionally, Shar. There was no hierarchy of courts and no organized system of appeals.
Legal representation was not unknown, but the parties would usually appear in person and address their pleas orally to the q. This was not necessarily the party who brought the suit, but was the party whose contention was contrary to the initial legal presumption attaching to the case.
In the case of an alleged criminal offense, for example, the presumption is the innocence of the accused, and in a suit for debt the presumption is that the alleged debtor is free from debt. Hence the burden of proof would rest upon the prosecution in the first case and upon the claiming creditor in the second. This burden of proof might, of course, shift between the parties several times in the course of the same suit, as, for example, where an alleged debtor pleads a counterclaim against the creditor.
The standard of proof required, whether on an initial, intermediate or final issue, was a rigid one and basically the same in both criminal and civil cases.
Financial Statements . It is the ultimate output of an accounting information system and has following six components: Income Statement. Balance Sheet. Statement of Cash Flows. Statement of Changes in Equity. Notes and Other Disclosures.
Financial statements are better understood in context of all other components of the financial statements. For example a balance sheet will communicate more information if we have the related income statement and the statement of cash flows too. Following the time- period principle, financial statements are prepared after a specified period; say a quarter, year, etc. Interim Financial Statements. Quarterly and semiannual financial statements are called interim financial statements and are normally prepared in a condensed form. It means that the disclosures required in them are far less than those required in annual financial statements. Quarterly financial statements are normally unaudited but semiannual reports need to be at least reviewed by an auditor who is a qualified professional accountant authorized to attest the authenticity of financial statements.
Annual Financial Statements. Financial statements prepared for a period of one year are called annual financial statements and are required to be audited by an auditor (a chartered accountant or a certified public accountant). Annual financial statements are normally published in an annual report which also includes a directors' report (also called management discussion and analysis) and an overview of the company, its operations and past performance. Income statement communicates the company's financial performance over the period while a balance sheet communicates the company's financial position at a point of time. The statement of cash flows and the statement of changes in equity tells us about how the financial position changed over the period. Disclosure notes to financial statements cover such material information which is not appropriate to be communicated on the face of the main financial statements.